2026-07-10T12:47:21+00:00 2025-08-31 346565596 ERNST & YOUNG US LLP 155 N WACKER DRIVE CHICAGO IL 60606 990 2024-09-01 363357005 Stanley Manne Childrens Research Institute STAN 3122277133 225 E CHICAGO AVE BOX 282 CHICAGO IL 606112991 ALEX P MILLER SVP, CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER 3122277133 2026-07-10 true true Emily Beckerman P01765498 3128792000 2026-07-10 2024 2025-03-06 01:10:19Z PATRICK SEED MD 225 E CHICAGO AVE BOX 282 CHICAGO IL 606112991 65061565 false X WWW.LURIECHILDRENS.ORG X 1984 IL Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute strives to generate new knowledge and advance the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of pediatric diseases. 12 10 0 10 0 62126844 63683321 1022938 1378244 0 -3779 0 0 63149782 65057786 0 0 0 49396102 55242094 0 0 0 21015800 17887354 70411902 73129448 -7262120 -8071662 134853105 127560606 4452763 5231926 130400342 122328680 SEE SCHEDULE O. false false 41470686 0 1378244 SEE SCHEDULE O. 0 0 0 0 0 0 41470686 true true false false false false false false false false true false false false false false false true false false false false false false false false false false false true false false false false false false false false false false false false false false false true false false false false true X 2 0 true 0 false false false false false false false false false false false false X 12 10 false false false false true true true true true false false false true true true true true true false false false false IL X ALEX P MILLER 3122277133 225 E CHICAGO AVE CHICAGO IL 606112991 Patrick Seed MD PhD Ex-Officio Director/President/Chief Research Officer 1.0 40.0 X X 0 640904 130565 Brett Blackman PhD Director 1.0 0 X 0 0 0 David Mchugh Director 1.0 1.0 X 0 0 0 Elizabeth A Ziegler Director 1.0 0 X 0 0 0 Elizabeth Q Betten Director & Chair 1.0 0 X 0 0 0 Meredith Callison Ex-Officio Director/Chair Children's Research Fund begin 2/11/25 1.0 1.0 X 0 0 0 Mohan P Rao PhD Director & Vice Chair 1.0 2.0 X 0 0 0 Peter B Bensinger Jr Ex-Officio Director/Chair Children's Research Fund through 2/11/25 1.0 1.0 X 0 0 0 Prananatha Jha Director 1.0 1.0 X 0 0 0 Rachel Zimet Strick Director 1.0 0 X 0 0 0 Robin G Zafirovski Director 1.0 1.0 X 0 0 0 Sheri Rudberg Director 1.0 0 X 0 0 0 Thomas P Shanley MD Ex-Officio Dir/President & CEO LCH 1.0 46.0 X 0 1992705 624794 Alex P Miller SVP, Chief Financial Officer 1.0 46.0 X 0 757988 158968 Fatema Zanzi Esq EVP, Chief Admin & Legal Officer, Corporate Secretary 1.0 46.0 X 0 932953 173884 Brenda Davis Former Interim Chief Financial Officer through 2/6/23 0.0 41.0 X 0 354713 29463 0 4679263 1117674 0 true true false 0 63683321 63683321 CONTRACT REVENUE 541700 1378244 1378244 0 0 0 0 1378244 0 0 3779 0 -3779 -3779 -3779 0 0 0 0 0 65057786 1378244 0 -3779 44703097 31555429 13147668 10538997 8012142 2526855 111979 11940 100039 1512036 1012410 499626 0 619 619 1310402 590538 719864 455848 828 455020 4670705 4670705 52458 18575 33883 61941 14258 47683 9315791 9315791 RESEARCH PROJECT EXPENSES 280472 253941 26531 REPAIRS AND MAINTENANCE 106602 106602 RECRUITMENT 8501 6 8495 0 0 0 0 73129448 41470686 31658762 0 184105 129060 0 0 0 0 622977 899429 192558227 66026110 134046023 126532117 0 0 0 0 134853105 127560606 4452763 5231926 0 0 0 0 4452763 5231926 X 130400342 122328680 130400342 122328680 134853105 127560606 -8071662 0 X false true true false X ANN & ROBERT H LURIE CHILDRENS HOSPITAL OF CHICAGO CHICAGO IL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0.0 X 0 0 0 0 0 0 RESTRICTED RESTRICTED RESTRICTED RESTRICTED RESTRICTED RESTRICTED RESTRICTED RESTRICTED 174680971 53170848 121510123 17877256 12855262 5021994 126532117 false true false false false false false false Patrick Seed MD PhD Ex-Officio Director/President/Chief Research Officer 0 501286 0 139102 0 516 0 89721 0 40844 0 771469 0 0 Thomas P Shanley MD Ex-Officio Dir/President & CEO LCH 0 1285552 0 449624 0 257529 0 590810 0 33984 0 2617499 0 0 Brenda Davis Former Interim Chief Financial Officer through 2/6/23 0 300377 0 52988 0 1348 0 12986 0 16477 0 384176 0 0 Fatema Zanzi Esq EVP, Chief Admin & Legal Officer, Corporate Secretary 0 619075 0 235530 0 78348 0 170345 0 3539 0 1106837 0 0 Alex P Miller SVP, Chief Financial Officer 0 579360 0 177840 0 788 0 118228 0 40740 0 916956 0 0 Schedule J, Part I, Line 3 Arrangement used to establish the top management official's compensation Pursuant to the bylaws of Children's Hospital of Chicago Medical Center ("Medical Center"), the Compensation Committee of the board of directors of the Medical Center is charged with reviewing and approving senior executive compensation for the Medical Center and its affiliates and the compensation for any physician who meets the criteria for review and approval by the Committee. The Compensation Committee has adopted a written executive compensation philosophy which it follows when it reviews and approves the compensation and benefits of the organization's senior management, including the President. The compensation philosophy is subject to periodic review by the Compensation Committee for continued appropriateness in the current market. With the assistance of independent compensation consultants and information from a variety of sources (specified on Schedule J), the Compensation Committee confirmed the total amounts to be paid to identified executives and physicians were reasonable and comparable to amounts paid by similarly situated organizations to individuals in functionally similar positions. Legal counsel periodically advises the Compensation Committee with respect to federal tax requirements in setting compensation and the establishment of the "rebuttable presumption of reasonableness" under the federal tax law intermediate sanctions rules. The process followed by the Compensation Committee, including a description of the data relied upon and the Compensation Committee's decisions, was thoroughly and contemporaneously documented. The Compensation Committee has expressly reviewed the reasonableness of compensation paid to identified executives and physicians, and has concluded, as the result of a process that is designed to qualify for the rebuttable presumption of reasonableness, that all such amounts are reasonable and do not exceed fair market value for the services provided. The Compensation Committee is comprised of members of the Medical Center board of directors who have been determined to be disinterested (which means no Committee member has a conflict of interest) for these purposes. The Compensation Committee conducts an ongoing, regular review of the disinterested status of its members, and will take appropriate action with respect to anyone having an interest with respect to one or more executives so as to preserve the disinterested status of the committee and, as a result, the application of the rebuttable presumption of reasonableness. Schedule J, Part I, Line 4b Supplemental nonqualified retirement plan Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago ("Lurie Children's") maintains a defined contribution supplemental executive retirement plan ("DC SERP"), which was established on January 1, 2017 and is a nonqualified deferred compensation plan for certain employees in executive positions for Lurie Children's and its affiliates. The benefits in the DC SERP are in the form of a fixed annual contribution rate and an earnings credit. Each year's contribution and earnings are at risk and will become fully vested and taxable only after five years of future employment service, or upon reaching age 62 with at least three years of service. Several listed persons in this Form 990 participate in the DC SERP, and the unvested contributions made for them are included in Schedule J, Part II, Column (C). The following individuals participated in the DC SERP and received a vested payment during 2024 which is reported in Column B (iii): FATEMA ZANZI, Esq. $77,376 THOMAS P. SHANLEY, MD $253,173 CEO Deferred Compensation Listed individual Thomas Shanley MD is the sole participant in an additional supplemental retirement benefit arrangement that began in 2021. He is eligible to earn a benefit that will not become vested for several years. A prorated portion of the benefit (representing the portion earned in 2024) is reported in column (c) as unvested deferred compensation, and will be reported again as compensation if and when the full benefit becomes vested and is subject to tax. The independent Compensation Committee of the Children's Hospital of Chicago Medical Center board, whose diligent review and approval process is described elsewhere in these narratives, has reviewed and approved Dr. Shanley's total compensation in a manner that qualifies for the rebuttable presumption of reasonableness under the federal tax law intermediate sanctions rules, and as part of this review process took into account the benefit being earned under this additional arrangement. Schedule J, Part II RELATED COMPENSATION The following individual is not compensated by the reporting organization for their service as director or officer of the reporting organization. Rather, the compensation reported on Form 990, Part VII and on Schedule J, Part II reflects compensation for the individual's substantial and full-time services as an employee paid by Pediatric Faculty Foundation until December 31, 2024 and then by Lurie Children's Medical Group, Inc. beginning January 1, 2025 following the merger of the Medical Center's medical groups. For more details, please refer to the 2024 Form 990 of Lurie Children's Medical Group, Inc. (formerly known as Pediatric Faculty Foundation), FEIN 36-3279680. PATRICK SEED, MD, PhD The following individuals are not compensated by the reporting organization for their service as directors or officers of the reporting organization. Rather, the compensation reported on Form 990, Part VII and on Schedule J, Part II reflects compensation paid by Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago ("Lurie Children's") for the individual's substantial and full-time services as an employee. For more details, please refer to the 2024 Form 990 of Lurie Children's, FEIN 36-2170833. ALEX P. MILLER BRENDA DAVIS FATEMA ZANZI, Esq. THOMAS P. SHANLEY, MD Form 990, Part III, Line 1 Organization's Mission The mission of Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute ("Manne Research Institute") at Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago ("Lurie Children's") is to generate new knowledge and translate advancements in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases that affect children's health through adolescence and adulthood. Manne Research Institute's multidisciplinary teams are committed to making discoveries that will improve the lives of children and their families. Form 990, Part III, Line 4a Program Service, Part III, Line 4a The mission of Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute ("Manne Research Institute"), an affiliate of Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago ("Lurie Children's"), is to generate new knowledge and translate advancements in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases that affect children's health through adolescence and adulthood. Manne Research Institute's multidisciplinary teams are committed to making discoveries that will improve the lives of children and their families. Manne Research Institute faculty members investigate a range of children's health and diseases across the translational science spectrum. Manne Research Institute's studies are led by over 750 researchers and staff and are organized into four scientific pillars: basic and preclinical science, clinical and community trials; community, population health, and outcomes; and quantitative science. Researchers and staff include physicians, scientists, postdocs, coordinators, statisticians, data analysts, trainees, and others who share their expertise. The pediatricians and scientists routinely collaborate with Lurie Children's academic partner, Northwestern University, and other medical centers and academic institutions across the globe, as well as with community partners such as schools and governments. Manne Research Institute receives external funding annually for research from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), other federal agencies, foundations, pharmaceutical, and biomedical companies. It is one of the nation's premier institutes for pediatric research, investing more dollars and resources in pediatric research than any other area hospital. In addition to the clinical and population health research facilities, Manne Research Institute has approximately 125,000 square feet of state-of-the-art laboratory space. The Research Institute's wet-lab research is located in the Louis A. Simpson & Kimberly K. Querrey Biomedical Research building on Northwestern University's Chicago campus. The building includes wet bench laboratories, animal facilities, and conference, educational, office, and collaborative space. Manne Research Institute Pillars Basic and Preclinical Science Basic and preclinical science researchers at Manne Research Institute conduct laboratory experiments that investigate essential functions of biological processes and the fundamental mechanisms of diseases and disorders affecting children's health. By closing gaps in scientific knowledge, basic and preclinical science researchers provide the foundation to develop next-generation technologies and treatments for pediatric patients. The basic and preclinical science pillar laboratory-based programs are organized into virtual scientific neighborhoods promoting collaborations between investigators, staff, and trainees. These neighborhoods include: * Developmental biology * Engineered solutions for health * Fertility and hormone preservation and restoration * Host-microbial interactions, inflammation, and immunity * Human molecular genetics and physiology * Immune deviation and disease * Injury, repair, and regeneration * Molecular and translational cancer biology * Neurobiology * Perinatal origins of disease Clinical and Community Trials Clinical and Community trials researchers at Manne Research Institute translate the meaningful discoveries of basic science into promising clinical applications through evaluation of new diagnostic tests and drugs, behavioral treatments, and other interventions to determine their effects on pediatric health. Multidisciplinary teams of researchers collaborate to study complex childhood health issues in areas such as critical care, oncology, neurology, transplant medicine, and neonatology. Their research generates innovation in the diagnoses, treatment, and prevention of diseases and disorders in the pediatric population. Community, Population Health, and Outcomes Community, population health, and outcomes researchers at Manne Research Institute seek to improve health, health care delivery, and access to care for children and youth from a broad range of backgrounds and environments. These research leaders advance our knowledge about the natural history, biological, psychological, social, behavioral, and environmental causes and influencers of common and prominent child health problems. Their research informs action for patients, families, communities, health system leaders, and policymakers. Much of their program evaluation work is conducted in partnership with community-based organizations as evidence is translated into clinical and public health interventions. Quantitative Science Quantitative science experts collaborate with researchers across Manne Research Institute to provide cutting-edge statistical and analytical support and computational techniques to maximize research impact and improve the health outcomes of pediatric patients. Their expertise in statistics, bioinformatics, database analytics, applied clinical informatics, and predictive analytics enables researchers to test hypotheses, answer research questions, and pursue understanding of behaviors across different populations. Research Strategy Mission-aligned, engaging, impactful strategic areas * Advanced therapeutics: End-to-end diagnostic development with early-stage trials for children and individualized therapy. * Health@Home: Innovative healthcare delivery and technology solutions outside traditional models. * Fertility and Hormone Preservation: early life fertility preservation, biology, and technology. * Perinatal Origins of Disease: Basic, translational, clinical practice and public health research for determinants of early life health trajectories. * Healthy Brain: The basis of and approaches to mental, behavioral, and neurological health. * Global Health Collaboration: Foster international collaborations to address global health disparities. Form 990, Part V, Line 2a Allocation of Salary Expenses Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago ("Lurie Children's") pays and issues Forms W-2 to employees who work for Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, except for physicians employed by their respective medical group. The allocation of the salary costs are disclosed on Form 990, Part IX, Statement Of Functional Expenses. Form 990, Part VI, Line 15 Executive Compensation The authority to review and approve executive compensation has been delegated to the Compensation Committee of Children's Hospital of Chicago Medical Center ("Compensation Committee"). The Compensation Committee has adopted a written executive compensation philosophy which it follows when it reviews and approves the compensation and benefits of the organization's senior management, including the President. The compensation philosophy is subject to periodic review for continued appropriateness by the Compensation Committee. With the assistance of a compensation consultant and information from a variety of external sources (specified on Schedule J), the Compensation Committee confirmed the total amounts to be paid were reasonable and comparable to amounts paid by similarly situated organizations for functionally similar positions. Legal counsel advises the Compensation Committee with respect to federal tax requirements in setting compensation and the establishment of the rebuttable presumption of reasonableness. The process followed by the Compensation Committee, including a description of the data relied upon and the Compensation Committee's decisions, was thoroughly and contemporaneously documented. The Compensation Committee has expressly reviewed the reasonableness of compensation paid to identified executives, and has concluded, as the result of a process that is designed to qualify for the rebuttable presumption of reasonableness under federal tax law, that all such amounts are reasonable and do not exceed fair market value for the services provided. The Compensation Committee is comprised of members of Children's Hospital of Chicago Medical Center board of directors who have been determined to be disinterested for these purposes. The Compensation Committee conducts an ongoing and periodic review of the disinterested status of its members and will take appropriate action with respect to anyone having an interest with respect to one or more executives so as to preserve the application of the rebuttable presumption of reasonableness. Form 990, Part VI, Line 6 Classes of members or stockholders Children's Hospital of Chicago Medical Center ("Medical Center") is the organization's sole corporate member. Form 990, Part VI, Line 7a Members or stockholders electing members of governing body The organization's sole corporate member, Children's Hospital of Chicago Medical Center, has certain reserved powers, including the power to appoint and remove all directors of the organization. Form 990, Part VI, Line 7b Decisions requiring approval by members or stockholders Children's Hospital Of Chicago Medical Center, through its board of directors or designated committee, as the sole corporate member of the organization, has certain reserved powers with respect to appointment and removal of directors, appointment of certain officers, approval of amendments to governing documents, approval of financial matters, and approval of significant transactions including, but not limited to, merger, dissolution, disposition of assets other than in the ordinary course of business, and creation of subsidiaries. Form 990, Part VI, Line 11b Review of form 990 by governing body The Audit and Compliance Committee is the committee of the Medical Center board charged with the oversight of audit, tax and compliance matters for the parent and affiliates. During a special Audit and Compliance Committee meeting, and before Form 990 was filed, the committee was provided with a review of Form 990 by the Chief Financial Officer ("CFO"). The CFO and outside tax advisor also responded to the Audit and Compliance Committee members' questions and afforded them the opportunity for detailed discussion of Form 990, prior to the Audit and Compliance Committee taking action to approve the filing of Form 990. The organization's Form 990 was provided to the respective filing organization's board following the Committee's approval. As part of its annual return preparation process, the organization, on an ongoing basis, consulted its tax consulting firm and outside tax legal counsel, both of which possess expertise in health care and tax-exempt return preparation, to advise and assist in the preparation of Form 990. These advisors worked closely with the organization's finance personnel and other members of the organization's team assembled to participate in the preparation of Form 990. Prior to presenting Form 990 to the Medical Center board's Audit and Compliance Committee, the organization's team, including its advisors, met frequently to discuss and review drafts of the form. Subsequent to the Audit and Compliance Committee review and approval, Form 990 was provided to the respective filing organization's board of directors. Form 990, Part VI, Line 12c Conflict of interest policy On an annual basis, Children's Hospital of Chicago Medical Center (The "Medical Center") and its affiliates (collectively the "Corporation") provide a comprehensive questionnaire to its board members, senior management and other key employees posing questions about actual or potential conflicts of interest. The Medical Center initiates follow up contact to those who do not respond and to clarify responses, where necessary. The Medical Center reviews each disclosure and provides a summary of relevant disclosures for the review and approval of the Medical Center Board's Nominating and Governance Committee. Board members, senior management, and key employees are subject to an applicable Medical Center conflict of interest policy and to a Code of Conduct, which includes the ongoing responsibility to promptly disclose conflicts of interests or duality of interests to a designated individual(s). Disclosures are provided to the Nominating and Governance Committee of the Medical Center Board of Directors, which considers all conflict and duality of interests issues. If the disinterested members of the Nominating and Governance Committee have determined that a potential or actual conflict of interest or duality of interest exists, the Nominating and Governance Committee shall determine if preparation of Conflicts Management Guidelines will sufficiently mitigate the potential or actual conflict of interest and/or duality of interest. If the Nominating and Governance Committee determines that Conflicts Management Guidelines will sufficiently mitigate the potential or actual conflict of interest and/or duality of interest, the Chief Legal Officer will prepare said Conflicts Management Guidelines regarding the particular person's potential or actual conflict of interest and/or duality of interest for review, approval, and oversight by the Nominating and Governance Committee. The Chief Legal Officer shares the Conflict Management Guidelines with the applicable person following approval by the Nominating and Governance Committee. The Conflicts Management Guidelines may require any or all of the aspects below. 1. The relevant person shall recuse themselves from all or a portion of the meeting of the board or committee on which the person serves while the proposed contract, transaction, or arrangement giving rise to the conflict of interest and/or the situation giving rise to a duality of interest is discussed. In addition, the person shall recuse themselves from all or a portion of the meeting of the board or committee on which the person serves while the matter is voted on, and only disinterested directors or committee members, as the case may be, may vote to determine whether to approve the contract, transaction, arrangement, or situation giving rise to the conflict of interest or duality of interest. In determining whether and when to require the person to recuse themselves during discussion of the proposed contract, transaction, or arrangement giving rise to the conflict of interest and/or the situation giving rise to a duality of interest, the disinterested board directors or committee members, as the case may be, shall balance the need to facilitate the discussion by having such person on hand to provide additional information with the need to preserve the independence of the determination process. 2. With respect to a conflict of interest or duality of interest, the disinterested members of the Nominating and Governance Committee shall exercise due diligence to determine whether the contract, transaction, or arrangement presented by the conflict of interest or duality of interest is fair and reasonable and in the best interest to the Corporation. In reaching such determination, the Nominating and Governance Committee shall determine whether there are alternatives to the proposed contract, transaction or arrangement that would not give rise to a conflict of interest or duality of interest. If a more advantageous contract, transaction, or arrangement that would not give rise to a conflict of interest or duality of interest is not reasonably attainable under the circumstances, the disinterested members of the Nominating and Governance Committee must determine by a majority vote that the contract, transaction, or arrangement presented by the conflict of interest or duality of interest is fair and reasonable and in the best interest to the Corporation before such contract, transaction, or arrangement may be approved for execution by the board of directors of its executive committee. If the Nominating and Governance Committee determines that Conflicts Management Guidelines will not sufficiently mitigate the potential or actual conflict of interest and/or duality of Interest, the Nominating and Governance Committee shall determine the appropriate steps. The Chief Legal Officer shares the Nominating and Governance Committee's decision with the applicable person following approval by the Nominating and Governance Committee. Form 990, Part VI, Line 19 Required documents available to the public The organization's financial statements are publicly available online at www.dacbond.com. The organization's Articles of Incorporation and annual reports are available through the Illinois Secretary of State. The organization also makes its general governing documents available to the general public upon request. ALMOST HOME KIDS 7 S 721 ROUTE 53 NAPERVILLE IL 60540 363822010 TRANSITION CR IL 501(c)(3) 10 MEDICAL CTR false LURIE CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL OF CHICAGO FDN 225 E CHICAGO AVE CHICAGO IL 60611 363357006 FUNDRAISING IL 501(c)(3) 7 MEDICAL CTR false CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL OF CHICAGO MED CTR 225 E CHICAGO AVE CHICAGO IL 60611 363357004 HEALTH CARE IL 501(c)(3) 10 NA false LURIE CHILDRENS MEDICAL GROUP INC 225 E CHICAGO AVE CHICAGO IL 60611 363279680 HLTH CRE/RSCH IL 501(c)(3) 10 MEDICAL CTR false LURIE CHILDRENS LIABILITY PROTECTION PRG 225 E CHICAGO AVE CHICAGO IL 60611 366638400 INSURANCE IL 501(c)(3) Type III-FI MEDICAL CTR false LURIE CHILDREN'S 225 E CHICAGO AVE CHICAGO IL 60611 362170833 HOSPITAL IL 501(c)(3) 3 MEDICAL CTR false CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL OF CHICAGO FPP UNTIL 123124 737 NORTH MICHIGAN AVE 2040 CHICAGO IL 60611 363393780 SUPPORTING ORG IL 501(c)(3) Type I MEDICAL CTR false LURIE CHILDREN'S PEDIATRIC ANESTHESIA ASSOCIATES UNTIL 123124 225 E CHICAGO AVE CHICAGO IL 60611 371838535 HEALTH CARE IL 501(c)(3) 3 MEDICAL CTR false LURIE CHILDREN'S SURGICAL FOUNDATION INC UNTIL 123124 225 E CHICAGO AVE CHICAGO IL 60611 831650513 HLTH CRE/RSCH IL 501(c)(3) 3 MEDICAL CTR false LURIE CHILDRENS CIN LLC 225 E CHICAGO AVE CHICAGO IL 60611 901025439 CONTRACTING SVCS IL NA CMMC INSURANCE CO LTD 225 E CHICAGO AVE CHICAGO IL 60611 981049532 SELF INSURANCE NA C Corporation false false false true false false false false false false false false false false false true true false false false