2025-02-20T12:10:53-06:00 2024-06-30 261659234 CW ASSOCIATES CPAS 700 BISHOP STREET SUITE 1040 HONOLULU HI 96813 990 2023-07-01 237067376 HAWAII ASSOCIATION OF INDEPENDENT SCHOOLS HAWA 8089731540 615 PIIKOI STREET PH-5 HONOLULU HI 96814 RUTH FLETCHER BOARD PRESIDENT 8089731540 2025-02-20 1 0 RODNEY M HARANO P00389596 8085311040 2025-02-18 2023 2025-03-06 01:10:19Z PHILIP J BOSSERT 615 PIIKOI STREET PH-5 HONOLULU HI 96814 1786029 0 X WWW.HAIS.US X 1970 HI ADVOCATES ON BEHALF OF INDEPENDENT EDUCATION IN HAWAII, PROVIDES SERVICES THAT STRENGTHEN OUR INDIVIDUAL SCHOOLS AND ENGAGES THEM TO ACHIEVE EDUCATIONAL QUALITY AND EXCELLENCE FOR ALL STUDENTS. 19 19 5 20 0 0 1001281 1048346 1040077 707834 6761 12588 12351 17261 2060470 1786029 567297 120735 0 0 638725 677103 0 0 0 851975 950691 2057997 1748529 2473 37500 825294 928629 415736 463426 409558 465203 X THE HAWAI'I ASSOCIATION OF INDEPENDENT SCHOOLS (HAIS) ADVOCATES ON BEHALF OF INDEPENDENT EDUCATION IN HAWAII, PROVIDES SERVICES THAT STRENGTHEN INDIVIDUAL SCHOOLS AND ENGAGES THEM TO ACHIEVE EDUCATIONAL QUALITY AND EXCELLENCE FOR ALL STUDENTS. HAIS FACILITATES COLLABORATIVE EFFORTS AMONG ITS MORE THAN 100 MEMBER SCHOOLS ON ISSUES OF MUTUAL CONCERN, AS WELL AS PARTNERSHIPS TO ADDRESS SHARED NEEDS. THE PRIMARY ACTIVITIES OF HAIS ARE: 1) PERPETUATING SCHOOL RENEWAL THROUGH ACCREDITATION AND/OR LICENSING OF ITS MEMBER SCHOOLS; 2) DEVELOPING AND DELIVERING PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT OPPORTUNITIES RELEVANT TO 21ST CENTURY LEARNING FOR THE FACULTY AND STAFF OF ITS MEMBER SCHOOLS; 3) PROMOTING CHOICE AS AN IMPORTANT COMMUNITY VALUE AND ASSISTING PARENTS IN LEARNING ABOUT INDEPENDENT EDUCATION; 4) CREATING PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS THAT SUPPORT AND ENHANCE PUBLIC EDUCATION. 0 0 733600 108108 623307 SCHOOLS OF THE FUTURE CONFERENCE, HAWAII EDUCATIONAL NETWORKING CONSORTIUM, AND HEADS AND TRUSTEE SUMMIT AND PROFESSIONAL LEARNING WORKSHOPSSCHOOLS OF THE FUTURE CONFERENCE - A COLLABORATIVE PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT EVENT JOINTLY PRESENTED BY THE HAWAII COMMUNITY FOUNDATION, THE HAWAII ASSOCIATION OF INDEPENDENT SCHOOLS AND THE HAWAII DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION IN PARTNERSHIP WITH THE HAWAII SOCIETY FOR TECHNOLOGY IN EDUCATION. THE CONFERENCE BRINGS TOGETHER, SEVERAL THOUSAND EDUCATORS FROM HAWAII'S PUBLIC, PRIVATE, CHARTER AND PAROCHIAL SCHOOLS TO HEAR AND INTERACT WITH INTERNATIONALLY KNOWN KEYNOTE SPEAKERS, NUMEROUS NATIONALLY RECOGNIZED FEATURED SPEAKERS AND EDUCATORS FROM HAWAII'S OWN PK-12 SCHOOLS IN A WIDE-VARIETY OF PRESENTATIONS.THE HAWAI'I EDUCATIONAL NETWORKING CONSORTIUM (HENC) IS A COLLABORATIVE RELATIONSHIP WHICH WAS ESTABLISHED IN DECEMBER 1993 AMONG THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI'I (UH), THE HAWAII DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION (HDOE), AND THE HAWAI'I ASSOCIATION OF INDEPENDENT SCHOOLS (HAIS). THE PURPOSE OF HENC'S EFFORT IS TO FACILITATE AND COORDINATE HAWAI'I-BASED COOPERATIVE ACTIVITIES RELATING TO THE DEVELOPMENT, PROMOTION AND SUPPORT OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY IN EDUCATION AND RESEARCH. AS ONE OF ITS PROGRAMS, HENC ANNUALLY AWARDS HAWAII SCHOOLS DIGITAL MEDIA (HSDM) GRANTS RANGING FROM $1,000 TO $4,000 TO HAWAII'S EMERGING K-12 VIDEO PRODUCERS. THESE GRANTS ALLOW ANY ACCREDITED PUBLIC, CHARTER, PRIVATE OR PAROCHIAL SCHOOL IN THE STATE OF HAWAII TO DEVELOP OR EXPAND DIGITAL MEDIA VIDEO PROGRAMS AND CREATE ORIGINAL SCHOOL-BASED VIDEOS. HAIS MANAGES THE AWARD AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE HSDM GRANTS. 753905 12627 101788 THE ANNUAL HAIS LEADERSHIP (HEADS AND TRUSTEE) SUMMIT IS OFFERED ANNUALLY TO MEMBERS OF HAIS'S SCHOOL LEADERSHIP TEAMS. THE EVENT IS CENTERED AROUND A SIGNIFICANT TOPIC OF IMPORTANCE FACING MEMBER SCHOOLS, SUCH AS RISK, SAFETY, GOVERNANCE ISSUES AND SO FORTH. IT GENERALLY INCLUDES SEVERAL SPEAKERS WHO ARE EXPERTS ON THE FOCAL TOPIC. HAIS SUPPORTS ITS 100 MEMBER SCHOOLS BY DEVELOPING AND OFFERING PROFESSIONAL LEARNING OPPORTUNITIES AND EVENTS, WHICH INCLUDE CONFERENCES, WORKSHOPS, WEBINARS AND OTHER PROGRAMS FOR SCHOOL ADMINISTRATORS AND TEACHERS. HAIS PROGRAMS COMPRISE ONE FACET OF THE SERVICES OFFERED TO MEMBERSHIP, WHICH BOTH DIRECTLY AND INDIRECTLY IMPACT MORE THAN 3,200 EDUCATORS AND 33,500 STUDENTS STATEWIDE. ACCREDITATION - A SCHOOL IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM OF PEER REVIEW EVALUATION WHICH CERTIFIES THAT SCHOOLS MEET CERTAIN STANDARDS DEFINED BY AN INDEPENDENT ENTITY, SUCH AS THE WESTERN ASSOCIATION OF SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES (WASC) AND HAIS. THROUGH THE PROCESS, SCHOOLS HOLD THEMSELVES PUBLICLY ACCOUNTABLE TO FAMILIES, FOUNDATIONS, CORPORATIONS, FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS INTERESTED IN SUPPORTING EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS, AND ALL WHO SEEK ASSURANCE THAT A SCHOOL MEETS CERTAIN GENERALLY ACCEPTED STANDARDS OF EDUCATIONAL QUALITY, OPERATION AND STAFF COMPETENCE.THIS PROCESS INVOLVES A SELF-STUDY WHICH GUIDES FUTURE SCHOOL IMPROVEMENT. IT PROVIDES FOR SELF-EXAMINATION THAT RELATES ALL ELEMENTS OF A SCHOOL AND THEIR IMPACT UPON STUDENT LEARNING. THE ENTIRE SCHOOL COMMUNITY IS INVOLVED AS EACH CONSTITUENT GROUP ASSISTS TO EVALUATE HOW WELL THE SCHOOL ACHIEVES ITS MISSION AND EXPECTED LEARNING OUTCOMES FOR STUDENTS IN A FINANCIALLY SUSTAINABLE MANNER.HAWAI'I COUNCIL OF PRIVATE SCHOOLS (HCPS) LICENSING - ALL PRIVATE SCHOOLS IN HAWAII ARE REQUIRED TO BE LICENSED BY THE HAWAII COUNCIL OF PRIVATE SCHOOLS (HCPS) OR ACCREDITED BY A RECOGNIZED ACCREDITING BODY TO ENSURE THAT THEY MEET BASIC HEALTH, SAFETY, OPERATIONAL AND EDUCATION PROGRAM CRITERIA TO OPERATE AS A SCHOOL, ACCORDING TO ACT 188 (1995), ACT 227 (2019) AND ACT 61 (2022) PASSED BY THE HAWAII STATE LEGISLATURE. THE HAWAII COUNCIL OF PRIVATE SCHOOLS (HCPS), THE LICENSING ARM OF HAIS, IS AUTHORIZED BY THE HAWAII STATE LEGISLATURE TO LICENSE ALL PRIVATE SCHOOLS OFFERING K-12 EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS IN THE STATE OF HAWAII. HCPS VERIFIES THAT ALL PRIVATE SCHOOLS IN THE STATE OF HAWAII MEET AND MAINTAIN MINIMUM EDUCATIONAL, SAFETY AND HEALTH REQUIREMENTS SET BY THE STATE.THE ANNUAL KAHEWAI SUMMIT IS HELD VIRTUALLY AND EXPLORES HOLISTIC APPROACHES TO ACHIEVING WELLNESS AND RESILIENCE THROUGH TRAUMA-INFORMED CARE STRATEGIES FOR ALL PROVIDERS WHO SERVE CHILDREN AGES 0-5. THE SUMMIT ENGAGES ATTENDEES WITH OPPORTUNITIES TO LEARN AND REFINE WELLNESS AND RESILIENCE PRACTICES AIMED AT SUPPORTING THOSE SERVING HAWAI'I'S EARLY LEARNING COMMUNITIES AND IS ATTENDED VIRTUALLY BY ABOUT 400 PARTICIPANTS. 1487505 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 22 0 1 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 19 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 HI X MYRNA MEDEIROS 8089731540 615 PIIKOI ST PH-5 HONOLULU HI 96814 RUTH FLETCHER PRESIDENT 2.00 X X 0 0 0 ROBERT DAVID GAUDI VICE PRESIDENT 1.50 X X 0 0 0 TIMOTHY COTTRELL TREASURER 1.50 X X 0 0 0 JYO BRIDGEWATER DIRECTOR 1.00 X 0 0 0 STEPHEN DUNN DIRECTOR 1.00 X 0 0 0 ERIC DUSTMAN DIRECTOR 1.00 X 0 0 0 MICHAEL LATHAM DIRECTOR 1.00 X 0 0 0 MAUREEN MADDEN DIRECTOR 1.00 X 0 0 0 RYAN MASA DIRECTOR 1.00 X 0 0 0 KAHEALANI NAEOLE-WONG DIRECTOR 1.00 X 0 0 0 LAUREN NAHME DIRECTOR 1.00 X 0 0 0 DAVID RANDALL DIRECTOR 1.00 X 0 0 0 RON SHIIRA DIRECTOR 1.00 X 0 0 0 PAUL SINGER DIRECTOR 1.00 X 0 0 0 GERALD TERAMAE DIRECTOR 1.00 X 0 0 0 PAUL TURNBULL DIRECTOR 1.00 X 0 0 0 JEANNE WILKS DIRECTOR 1.00 X 0 0 0 LIA WOO DIRECTOR 1.00 X 0 0 0 LLEWELLYN YOUNG DIRECTOR 1.00 X 0 0 0 PHILIP J BOSSERT EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR/SECRETARY 40.00 X 163909 0 16278 DEANNA D'OLIER ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR 40.00 X 114553 0 5703 SOPHIE HALLIDAY DIR OF ACCREDITATION & LICENSING 40.00 X 110480 0 13578 388942 0 35559 3 0 1 0 0 774600 775 272971 1048346 SCHOOLS OF THE FUTURE 611430 623307 623307 CONFERENCE 611710 84527 84527 707834 8152 8152 4436 0 4436 4436 4436 OTHER INCOME 900099 17261 17261 17261 1786029 725095 0 12588 X 120735 120735 180336 111808 68528 402306 287880 114426 20442 17297 3145 27956 23263 4693 46063 35995 10068 6539 6539 1130 1130 22459 22459 22620 22620 2406 2406 431337 431337 52394 52347 47 61178 47122 14056 20404 20404 256243 256243 14227 11117 3110 MEMBERSHIP DUES 27925 18253 9672 MEMBERSHIP PROMOTION 22061 22061 OTHER EXPENSES 9768 9023 745 1748529 1487505 261024 0 52996 399418 443532 120870 1199 3708 30869 45924 68074 68074 0 0 215312 293638 81386 65071 825294 928629 97981 95059 235464 301515 82291 66852 415736 463426 X 181253 243017 228305 222186 409558 465203 825294 928629 37500 18145 0 X 0 1 X 1 0 X 1195562 1165712 1224649 1001281 1048346 5635550 699148 181847 173551 1040077 707834 2802457 1894710 1347559 1398200 2041358 1756180 8438007 0 16868 16868 16868 16868 8421139 7713 1100 143 4230 8152 21338 7713 1100 143 4230 8152 21338 5507 12351 17261 35119 1902423 1348659 1403850 2057939 1781593 8494464 0.99140 0.99640 0.00250 0.00150 X SCHEDULE A, PART III, LINE 12, EXPLANATION OF OTHER INCOME: OTHER INCOME - 2021 AMOUNT: $ 3,841. 2022 AMOUNT: $ 12,351. 2023 AMOUNT: $ 17,261. 990-T TAX REFUND - 2021 AMOUNT: $ 1,666. RESTRICTED RESTRICTED RESTRICTED RESTRICTED RESTRICTED RESTRICTED RESTRICTED RESTRICTED 26874 26874 1460631 1487505 223751 55938 0 0 159941 171335 238985 223751 794012 1191018 3291 5049 26874 35214 39985 42834 59746 55938 198503 297755 45652 45652 0 22422 22422 0 0 RIGHT OF USE ASSET 65071 65071 OPERATING LEASE LIABILITY 66852 66852 X 1795120 0 1795120 -9091 -9091 1786029 1746123 0 1746123 2406 2406 1748529 PART X, LINE 2: U.S. GAAP REQUIRES UNCERTAIN TAX POSITIONS TO BE RECOGNIZED IN THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS IF THEY ARE MORE LIKELY THAN NOT TO FAIL UPON REGULATORY EXAMINATION. MANAGEMENT HAS EVALUATED THE ASSOCIATION'S TAX POSITIONS AS OF JUNE 30, 2024 AND 2023 AND FOR THE YEARS THEN ENDED, AND DETERMINED THAT THE ASSOCIATION HAD NO UNCERTAIN TAX POSITIONS REQUIRED TO BE REPORTED IN ACCORDANCE WITH U.S. GAAP. THE ASSOCIATION IS SUBJECT TO ROUTINE AUDITS BY TAXING JURISDICTIONS; HOWEVER, THERE ARE CURRENTLY NO AUDITS IN PROGRESS FOR ANY OPEN TAX PERIODS. PART XI, LINE 4B - OTHER ADJUSTMENTS: INCREASE (DECREASE) IN NET ASSETS WITH DONOR RESTRICTIONS -21,679. REALIZED GAINS FROM SALES OF MARKETABLE SECURITIES 4,436. INTEREST AND DIVIDEND INCOME 8,152. 1 PBS HAWAII 315 SAND ISLAND ACCESS ROAD HONOLULU HI 96819 990334518 501(C)(3) 20000 0 HSDM GRANT AWARD 1 0 PART I, LINE 2: HAIS CURRENTLY AWARDS THREE TYPES OF GRANTS TO PARTICIPANTS IN HAIS SPONSORED PROGRAMS, DIGITAL MEDIA GRANTS, PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT TRAVEL GRANTS, AND CONSTITUENCY GROUP TRAVEL GRANTS. HAWAII SCHOOLS DIGITAL MEDIA (HSDM) GRANTS ARE AWARDED TO PUBLIC, CHARTER, AND PRIVATE SCHOOLS THAT HAVE RECOGNIZED DIGITAL MEDIA PROGRAMS AS PART OF THEIR REGULAR CURRICULUM AND/OR AS PART OF THEIR FORMAL EXTRACURRICULAR PROGRAM USING GRANT FUNDS PROVIDED TO HAIS BY THE HAWAII EDUCATIONAL NETWORKING CONSORTIUM (HENC). THE AWARDS OF $1,000 TO $4,000 ARE BASED UPON SPECIFIC PROGRAM ACTIVITIES OUTLINED IN FORMAL APPLICATIONS FOR FUNDING SUBMITTED BY THE SCHOOLS AND REQUIRE A FINAL REPORT FROM THE SCHOOL AT THE END OF THE GRANT PERIOD (ACADEMIC YEAR) THAT DESCRIBES THE PROJECT OUTCOMES AND HOW THE GRANT FUNDS WERE SPENT. THE FUNDS ARE AWARDED TO SCHOOLS, NOT TO INDIVIDUALS. PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT TRAVEL GRANTS ARE AWARDED TO NEIGHBOR ISLAND EDUCATORS TO ALLOW THEM TO ATTEND IN PERSON PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS ON OTHER ISLANDS MOST OFTEN ON OAHU THAT ARE SPONSORED OR COSPONSORED BY HAIS. THESE GRANTS MAY COVER AIRFARE, HOTEL, GROUND TRANSPORTATION, PARKING, AND MEALS. IN ALMOST ALL CASES, THE RECIPIENT IS NOTIFIED OF THE AWARD AND MUST PAY FOR THE TRAVEL THEMSELVES IN ADVANCE AND THEN SUBMIT RECEIPTS FOR THE TRAVEL IN ORDER TO RECEIVE REIMBURSEMENT. ALSO, IN ALMOST EVERY CASE, HAIS VERIFIES THE ATTENDANCE OF THE PARTICIPANT AT THE PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITY SUCH AS A WORKSHOP, TRAINING PROGRAM, SOTF CONFERENCE, ETC. PRIOR TO DISPERSING THE FUNDS. HAIS MANAGES A VARIETY OF "CONSTITUENCY GROUPS" FOR ITS MEMBERS SUCH AS SCHOOL ADVANCEMENT OFFICERS, SCHOOL BUSINESS OFFICERS, SCHOOL ADMISSIONS OFFICERS, SCHOOL TECHNOLOGY DIRECTORS, ETC. AND ENCOURAGES THE MEMBERS OF THESE GROUPS TO MEET ON A REGULAR BASIS. MOST OFTEN, THESE MEETINGS ARE VIRTUAL USING ZOOM, TEAMS, WEBEX, ETC.; HOWEVER, THE MEMBERS OF THESE GROUPS ARE ENCOURAGED TO PARTICIPATE IN ONE IN PERSON MEETING PER YEAR AND HAIS REIMBURSES TRAVEL EXPENSES FOR NEIGHBOR ISLAND MEMBERS TO ATTEND THESE IN PERSON MEETINGS. IN ALMOST ALL CASES, THE RECIPIENT IS NOTIFIED OF THE AWARD AND MUST PAY FOR THE TRAVEL THEMSELVES IN ADVANCE AND THEN SUBMIT RECEIPTS FOR THE TRAVEL IN ORDER TO RECEIVE REIMBURSEMENT AND HAIS VERIFIES THE ATTENDANCE OF THE MEMBER AT THE EVENT. X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PHILIP J BOSSERT EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR/SECRETARY 163909 0 0 0 0 0 8196 0 8082 0 180187 0 0 0 FORM 990, PART VI, SECTION B, LINE 11B PRIOR TO FILING, THE FORM 990 IS REVIEWED BY THE HAIS EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR AND HAIS FINANCE COMMITTEE. THE 990 IS SUBSEQUENTLY SENT BY EMAIL TO ALL BOARD OF DIRECTORS FOR REVIEW. THEY CONFIRM THAT THEY HAVE RECEIVED AND REVIEWED THE 990 VIA EMAIL. CONFIRMATIONS ARE KEPT ON FILE. FORM 990, PART VI, SECTION B, LINE 12C EACH DIRECTOR, OFFICER, AND OTHER EMPLOYEES OF THE ORGANIZATION SIGNS A STATEMENT, WHICH AFFIRMS SUCH PERSON: (1) HAS RECEIVED AND READ THE STATEMENT OF CONFLICT OF INTEREST POLICY; (2) DOES NOT HAVE ANY ACTUAL, APPARENT OR POTENTIAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST; (3) AGREES TO ABIDE BY THE POLICY; AND (4) UNDERSTANDS IT IS HIS OR HER RESPONSIBILITY TO INFORM THE ORGANIZATION IN WRITING OF ANY CHANGE IN CIRCUMSTANCES RELATING TO THE POLICY. FORM 990, PART VI, SECTION B, LINE 15 THE BOARD CHAIR AND HAIS EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE, ALL OF WHOM DO NOT HAVE A CONFLICT OF INTEREST WITH RESPECT TO THE COMPENSATION AGREEMENT, ESTABLISH THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR'S COMPENSATION PACKAGE BASED ON NUMEROUS FACTORS INCLUDING NAIS STATSONLINE, ISANET COMPENSATION SURVEY AND OTHER SOURCES OF COMPENSATION INFORMATION RELEVANT AND COMPARABLE TO THE OTHER ASSOCIATIONS. THE COMPENSATION IS REVIEWED ANNUALLY AND APPROVED BY THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OF THE BOARD. FOR OTHER OFFICERS AND KEY EMPLOYEES, INITIAL RECOMMENDED COMPENSATION IS INCLUDED IN THE BUDGET PARAMETERS AND IS PRESENTED TO THE FINANCE COMMITTEE FOR CONSIDERATION. RECOMMENDED COMPENSATION OF OTHER OFFICERS AND KEY EMPLOYEES IS VALIDATED BY THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR AND SUBSEQUENTLY BY THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE BASED ON THEIR JOB PERFORMANCE AND COMPARABLE COMPENSATION INFORMATION PROVIDED BY NAIS, GUIDESTAR, OR ANY OTHER SOURCE OF COMPENSATION INFORMATION RELEVANT AND COMPARABLE TO THE DUTIES OR JOB DESCRIPTION. THESE PROCESSES ARE DOCUMENTED IN THE PERSONNEL FILES EACH FISCAL YEAR. FORM 990, PART VI, SECTION C, LINE 19 THE ORGANIZATION MAKES ITS GOVERNING DOCUMENTS, CONFLICT OF INTEREST POLICY, AND FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AVAILABLE TO THE PUBLIC UPON REQUEST. FORM 990, PART IX, LINE 11G OUTSIDE SERVICES: PROGRAM SERVICE EXPENSES 431,337. MANAGEMENT AND GENERAL EXPENSES 0. FUNDRAISING EXPENSES 0. TOTAL EXPENSES 431,337. HAWAII COUNCIL OF PRIVATE SCHOOLS LLC 615 PIIKOI STREET PH-5 HONOLULU HI 96814 SEE PART VII HI HAWAII ASSOCIATION OF INDEPENDENT SCHOOLS SCHEDULE R, PART I, COLUMN B HCPS LICENSES INDEPENDENT SCHOOLS - PRIVATE AND PAROCHIAL - IN THE STATE OF HAWAII ON BEHALF OF THE HAWAII DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND CONSUMER AFFAIRS (DCCA).