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      <Form990ScheduleAPartVIGrp>
        <FormAndLineReferenceDesc>Schedule A, Part I, Line 10</FormAndLineReferenceDesc>
        <ExplanationTxt>This is interest earned by our savings.</ExplanationTxt>
      </Form990ScheduleAPartVIGrp>
    </IRS990ScheduleA>
    <IRS990ScheduleB documentId="R000003" softwareId="23018249" softwareVersionNum="v1.00">
      <ContributorInformationGrp>
        <ContributorNum>RESTRICTED</ContributorNum>
        <ContributorBusinessName>
          <BusinessNameLine1>RESTRICTED</BusinessNameLine1>
        </ContributorBusinessName>
        <ContributorUSAddress>
          <AddressLine1>RESTRICTED</AddressLine1>
          <AddressLine2>RESTRICTED</AddressLine2>
          <City>RESTRICTED</City>
          <State>RESTRICTED</State>
          <ZIPCode>RESTRICTED</ZIPCode>
        </ContributorUSAddress>
        <TotalContributionsAmt>RESTRICTED</TotalContributionsAmt>
      </ContributorInformationGrp>
    </IRS990ScheduleB>
    <IRS990ScheduleF documentId="R000004" softwareId="23018249" softwareVersionNum="v1.00">
      <GrantRecordsMaintainedInd>1</GrantRecordsMaintainedInd>
      <AccountActivitiesOutsideUSGrp>
        <RegionTxt>Russia and the newly independent States</RegionTxt>
        <OfficesCnt>0</OfficesCnt>
        <EmployeeCnt>0</EmployeeCnt>
        <TypeOfActivitiesConductedTxt>Grantmaking</TypeOfActivitiesConductedTxt>
        <SpecificServicesProvidedTxt>We provided funding to an organization in Turkmenistan working on environmental work related to the Caspian region</SpecificServicesProvidedTxt>
        <RegionTotalExpendituresAmt>25000</RegionTotalExpendituresAmt>
      </AccountActivitiesOutsideUSGrp>
      <AccountActivitiesOutsideUSGrp>
        <RegionTxt>Russia and the newly independent States</RegionTxt>
        <OfficesCnt>0</OfficesCnt>
        <EmployeeCnt>0</EmployeeCnt>
        <TypeOfActivitiesConductedTxt>Grantmaking</TypeOfActivitiesConductedTxt>
        <SpecificServicesProvidedTxt>We provided an emergency grant to an individual who was in dire need of medical assistance in Turkmenistan.</SpecificServicesProvidedTxt>
        <RegionTotalExpendituresAmt>1500</RegionTotalExpendituresAmt>
      </AccountActivitiesOutsideUSGrp>
      <AccountActivitiesOutsideUSGrp>
        <RegionTxt>Europe (including Iceland and Greenland)</RegionTxt>
        <OfficesCnt>0</OfficesCnt>
        <EmployeeCnt>0</EmployeeCnt>
        <TypeOfActivitiesConductedTxt>Fundraising</TypeOfActivitiesConductedTxt>
        <SpecificServicesProvidedTxt>We provided a travel grant to a human rights defender working to free an arbitrarily detained scholar in Azerbaijan.</SpecificServicesProvidedTxt>
        <RegionTotalExpendituresAmt>1860</RegionTotalExpendituresAmt>
      </AccountActivitiesOutsideUSGrp>
      <TotalOfficeCnt>0</TotalOfficeCnt>
      <TotalEmployeeCnt>0</TotalEmployeeCnt>
      <TotalSpentAmt>28360</TotalSpentAmt>
      <GrantsToOrgOutsideUSGrp>
        <RegionTxt>Russia and Neighboring States</RegionTxt>
        <PurposeOfGrantTxt>This is a grant to our environmental partner organization in Turkmenistan</PurposeOfGrantTxt>
        <CashGrantAmt>26500</CashGrantAmt>
        <MannerOfCashDisbursementTxt>wire transfer</MannerOfCashDisbursementTxt>
        <NonCashAssistanceAmt>0</NonCashAssistanceAmt>
        <DescriptionOfNonCashAsstTxt>none</DescriptionOfNonCashAsstTxt>
        <ValuationMethodUsedDesc>N/A</ValuationMethodUsedDesc>
      </GrantsToOrgOutsideUSGrp>
      <Total501c3OrgCnt>0</Total501c3OrgCnt>
      <TotalOtherOrgCnt>0</TotalOtherOrgCnt>
      <TransferToForeignCorpInd>0</TransferToForeignCorpInd>
      <InterestInForeignTrustInd>0</InterestInForeignTrustInd>
      <ForeignCorpOwnershipInd>0</ForeignCorpOwnershipInd>
      <PassiveForeignInvestmestCoInd>0</PassiveForeignInvestmestCoInd>
      <ForeignPartnershipInd>0</ForeignPartnershipInd>
      <BoycottCountriesInd>0</BoycottCountriesInd>
      <SupplementalInformationDetail>
        <FormAndLineReferenceDesc>Schedule F, Part I, Line 2</FormAndLineReferenceDesc>
        <ExplanationTxt>The organization signs an agreement with each individual or organization who receives a subgrant. Those agreements include terms of activity and requirements for financial reporting, including keeping and maintaining receipts. Our grantees submit reports--both narrative and financial--to explain where the funding goes.</ExplanationTxt>
      </SupplementalInformationDetail>
    </IRS990ScheduleF>
    <IRS990ScheduleO documentId="R000005" softwareId="23018249" softwareVersionNum="v1.00">
      <SupplementalInformationDetail>
        <FormAndLineReferenceDesc>Form 990, Part VI, Section B, Line 11b</FormAndLineReferenceDesc>
        <ExplanationTxt>The Board Chair and the Board Treasurer review this document before it is submitted to the IRS.</ExplanationTxt>
      </SupplementalInformationDetail>
      <SupplementalInformationDetail>
        <FormAndLineReferenceDesc>Form 990, Part VI, Section B, Line 12c</FormAndLineReferenceDesc>
        <ExplanationTxt>Each board member is required annually to renew their conflict of interest statement by reviewing it, signing it, and returning it to the Board Chair. Any questions that might arise are discussed with the board at large.</ExplanationTxt>
      </SupplementalInformationDetail>
      <SupplementalInformationDetail>
        <FormAndLineReferenceDesc>Form 990, Part VI, Section B, Line 15</FormAndLineReferenceDesc>
        <ExplanationTxt>The executive director and all staff undergo a self evaluation on an annual basis. Each employee has an evaluation meeting with their direct supervisor and the executive director. The Executive Director undergoes a self evaluation and is also evaluated by all staff and board. This process is overseen by the Board Chair who shares the results with the executive director.</ExplanationTxt>
      </SupplementalInformationDetail>
      <SupplementalInformationDetail>
        <FormAndLineReferenceDesc>Form 990, Part VI, Section C, Line 19</FormAndLineReferenceDesc>
        <ExplanationTxt>The organization is on Guidestar, and our documents are available there. We also make them available upon request and share them with our donors when asked.</ExplanationTxt>
      </SupplementalInformationDetail>
      <SupplementalInformationDetail>
        <FormAndLineReferenceDesc>Form 990, Part IX, Line 11g</FormAndLineReferenceDesc>
        <ExplanationTxt>These services are for consulting for our programs, including research and writing.</ExplanationTxt>
      </SupplementalInformationDetail>
    </IRS990ScheduleO>
    <ReasonableCauseExplanation documentId="R000006" softwareId="23018249" softwareVersionNum="v1.00">
      <ExplanationTxt>We received an extension.</ExplanationTxt>
    </ReasonableCauseExplanation>
  </ReturnData>
</Return>